碳纖維復合材料是一種高強度、輕質、耐腐蝕、耐磨損的材料，廣泛應用于航空航天、汽車、運動器材等領域。碳纖維復合材料由碳纖維和基體材料構成，常用的基體材料包括環氧樹脂、酚醛樹脂、聚酰亞胺等。其主要特點如下：

（1）輕質(zhi)高強，碳纖維(wei)(wei)復合材料的密度約為鋁的1/4，強度卻比(bi)鋁高5倍(bei)以上；耐腐蝕，碳纖維(wei)(wei)本身具有(you)不易腐蝕的性質(zhi)，且經過表面處理后能夠更(geng)好地抵御化學腐蝕；

（2）抗疲勞，碳纖維復合材料具有極佳的抗疲勞性能，因此適合用于(yu)高(gao)(gao)應力、高(gao)(gao)強度的應用場(chang)合；

（3）導電性(xing)好(hao)，碳(tan)纖維本(ben)身(shen)是導電的，因此碳(tan)纖維復合材料也具有(you)優(you)良(liang)的導電性(xing)能；

（4）成型性好(hao)，碳纖維(wei)(wei)復合材(cai)料(liao)可以通過多(duo)種成型工(gong)藝進行制備，如(ru)手工(gong)層疊、自動化(hua)紡織、預浸料(liao)等，且成型后能(neng)夠保持較好(hao)的尺寸精(jing)度。碳纖維(wei)(wei)復合材(cai)料(liao)與其他(ta)常見材(cai)料(liao)性能(neng)對比如(ru)下（見表1）。

通過表1對比(bi)可(ke)知，碳(tan)纖(xian)維復合材(cai)料(liao)具有(you)(you)較(jiao)高的比(bi)強(qiang)度和(he)抗拉強(qiang)度，可(ke)取代(dai)鋁合金(jin)等(deng)材(cai)料(liao)作為汽(qi)車結構(gou)制造(zao)的主(zhu)要材(cai)料(liao)，有(you)(you)利于減輕汽(qi)車質(zhi)量與重量。碳(tan)纖(xian)維復合材(cai)料(liao)的制備(bei)工(gong)藝(yi)主(zhu)要包括(kuo)以下(xia)步驟。

第(di)一，原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)準備(bei)(bei)。碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)復(fu)(fu)合(he)材(cai)料(liao)的主要原(yuan)材(cai)料(liao)是碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)和(he)(he)(he)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)。碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)是由聚丙烯腈等(deng)(deng)高(gao)分(fen)(fen)子材(cai)料(liao)經過拉伸、碳(tan)(tan)化等(deng)(deng)工藝制成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)的纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)，樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通常使(shi)(shi)用環氧(yang)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、酚醛樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)等(deng)(deng)。第(di)二，碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)預處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)。碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)預處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)是為了(le)提高(gao)碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)與樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)之間的黏著強度。通常先將(jiang)碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)行(xing)表面(mian)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)，包括氧(yang)化、電解、噴砂等(deng)(deng)方(fang)法，然(ran)后進(jin)(jin)行(xing)涂(tu)(tu)覆(fu)處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)，如涂(tu)(tu)覆(fu)表面(mian)活性(xing)劑、樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)膠等(deng)(deng)。第(di)三，布(bu)(bu)料(liao)制備(bei)(bei)。將(jiang)預處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)后的碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)按照(zhao)一定的規格和(he)(he)(he)比例(li)排列(lie)成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)布(bu)(bu)料(liao)。布(bu)(bu)料(liao)的排列(lie)方(fang)式決定了(le)復(fu)(fu)合(he)材(cai)料(liao)的力學性(xing)能和(he)(he)(he)外觀。第(di)四(si)，樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)浸(jin)漬(zi)。將(jiang)布(bu)(bu)料(liao)放(fang)入浸(jin)漬(zi)槽中，用樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)浸(jin)泡(pao)幾分(fen)(fen)鐘，使(shi)(shi)布(bu)(bu)料(liao)充分(fen)(fen)浸(jin)漬(zi)。然(ran)后將(jiang)浸(jin)漬(zi)后的布(bu)(bu)料(liao)在壓力機(ji)中進(jin)(jin)行(xing)壓縮，使(shi)(shi)樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)與碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)充分(fen)(fen)接觸，排出(chu)空氣和(he)(he)(he)水(shui)分(fen)(fen)。第(di)五，固化。將(jiang)浸(jin)漬(zi)后的布(bu)(bu)料(liao)放(fang)入烤箱中進(jin)(jin)行(xing)固化。樹(shu)(shu)脂(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)在烤箱中加熱硬化，形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)固體結(jie)構，同時與碳(tan)(tan)纖(xian)維(wei)(wei)形成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)化學鍵，使(shi)(shi)復(fu)(fu)合(he)材(cai)料(liao)具有(you)高(gao)強度和(he)(he)(he)剛性(xing)。最后，后處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)。復(fu)(fu)合(he)材(cai)料(liao)制備(bei)(bei)完成(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)后，需要進(jin)(jin)行(xing)后處(chu)(chu)理(li)(li)，包括修整、鉆孔、打磨、涂(tu)(tu)漆(qi)等(deng)(deng)，以使(shi)(shi)復(fu)(fu)合(he)材(cai)料(liao)的外觀和(he)(he)(he)尺寸符(fu)合(he)要求。

傳(chuan)統(tong)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)用鋼(gang)板是卷鋼(gang)板通(tong)過多(duo)道工(gong)序進行沖(chong)壓零(ling)件加(jia)工(gong)，如切料(liao)(liao)(liao)、下料(liao)(liao)(liao)、沖(chong)壓等(deng)，然后(hou)再采用焊接等(deng)方(fang)法(fa)把片狀沖(chong)壓零(ling)部件進行連接成(cheng)整體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)。但在(zai)(zai)碳纖維(wei)(wei)(wei)復合(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)中，材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)、結構(gou)是在(zai)(zai)同一(yi)時間內形(xing)成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，并(bing)不會再經過復合(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)加(jia)工(gong)成(cheng)為復合(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)構(gou)件，制(zhi)造(zao)工(gong)藝對(dui)于其(qi)構(gou)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)尺寸(cun)、形(xing)狀的(de)(de)(de)(de)約束較(jiao)小(xiao)。若(ruo)單純采用傳(chuan)統(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)加(jia)工(gong)思想、設(she)計(ji)方(fang)法(fa)，無法(fa)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)(hui)碳纖維(wei)(wei)(wei)復合(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)潛力(li)(li)。站在(zai)(zai)材(cai)(cai)質(zhi)、性(xing)能(neng)、構(gou)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)整體(ti)層次上，可(ke)以(yi)大力(li)(li)發(fa)(fa)展材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)－結構(gou)－性(xing)能(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統(tong)一(yi)設(she)計(ji)技(ji)術(shu)，其(qi)既能(neng)夠在(zai)(zai)一(yi)定程度(du)上減(jian)少零(ling)件數(shu)量(liang)，又對(dui)裝配工(gong)藝制(zhi)造(zao)工(gong)藝過程進行簡化(hua)，還(huan)能(neng)充分(fen)(fen)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)(hui)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)性(xing)能(neng)，這也(ye)是未來復合(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)零(ling)部件發(fa)(fa)展的(de)(de)(de)(de)一(yi)個重要方(fang)向。有(you)專家利(li)用二(er)維(wei)(wei)(wei)編織復合(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)結構(gou)設(she)計(ji)出了(le)整體(ti)式電動汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)的(de)(de)(de)(de)車(che)身構(gou)造(zao)，其(qi)尺度(du)為從細小(xiao)到(dao)宏大的(de)(de)(de)(de)碳纖維(wei)(wei)(wei)編織復合(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)車(che)身有(you)限元模擬（見圖(tu)1），這種構(gou)造(zao)和原(yuan)玻璃纖維(wei)(wei)(wei)復合(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)結構(gou)比可(ke)以(yi)實(shi)現汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)28%左右(you)的(de)(de)(de)(de)減(jian)重，同時可(ke)以(yi)顯著增強汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)側面壓潰、撞擊時的(de)(de)(de)(de)耐撞性(xing)。在(zai)(zai)碳纖維(wei)(wei)(wei)復合(he)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)結構(gou)設(she)計(ji)和生產過程中，應(ying)充分(fen)(fen)發(fa)(fa)揮(hui)(hui)碳纖維(wei)(wei)(wei)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)輕量(liang)化(hua)、高強度(du)、吸(xi)振性(xing)能(neng)高、加(jia)工(gong)性(xing)能(neng)優(you)良等(deng)優(you)異的(de)(de)(de)(de)特(te)性(xing)，進行碳纖維(wei)(wei)(wei)復合(he)汽(qi)(qi)(qi)車(che)零(ling)件的(de)(de)(de)(de)材(cai)(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)－結構(gou)－功(gong)能(neng)一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)生產。

常見的(de)(de)熱(re)(re)壓(ya)罐(guan)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)方法存在(zai)能耗大(da)、周期長等(deng)缺(que)點(dian)，難(nan)以(yi)滿足(zu)汽(qi)車(che)高效率(lv)、大(da)規(gui)模的(de)(de)制造(zao)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)需求。熱(re)(re)壓(ya)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)技術彌補了熱(re)(re)壓(ya)罐(guan)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)缺(que)陷(xian)，具有效率(lv)高、成(cheng)本低(di)、易于(yu)(yu)實(shi)現自動(dong)化(hua)等(deng)優勢(shi)，可(ke)以(yi)幫助(zhu)復(fu)合(he)材(cai)料更好地應用于(yu)(yu)汽(qi)車(che)領域。熱(re)(re)壓(ya)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)工藝是在(zai)一定的(de)(de)溫(wen)度與壓(ya)力下(xia)，樹脂基體發生(sheng)(sheng)熔融流動(dong)，重新浸漬纖維(wei)，從(cong)而(er)制備一定形狀(zhuang)的(de)(de)復(fu)合(he)材(cai)料零件（見圖2）[5]。熱(re)(re)壓(ya)成(cheng)型(xing)(xing)(xing)過程中，因成(cheng)品造(zao)型(xing)(xing)(xing)較復(fu)雜(za)、布料的(de)(de)剛度低(di)等(deng)特性，會導致纖維(wei)的(de)(de)扭(niu)曲，成(cheng)品容易出現套扣、起皺等(deng)問題，嚴重影響成(cheng)品的(de)(de)力學性能，所以(yi)可(ke)以(yi)適當使用傳統(tong)金屬板料成(cheng)形裝置，在(zai)較短(duan)成(cheng)形周期內(nei)實(shi)現自動(dong)化(hua)生(sheng)(sheng)產(chan)，從(cong)而(er)改(gai)善(shan)其較短(duan)成(cheng)形周期內(nei)存在(zai)的(de)(de)缺(que)陷(xian)。

碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)復(fu)合材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)技(ji)術是指(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)過(guo)一系列(lie)工(gong)藝(yi)流(liu)程(cheng)將(jiang)廢(fei)舊碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)復(fu)合材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)再(zai)利(li)用(yong)，以(yi)減少資源(yuan)浪(lang)費和環(huan)境污染[6]。碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)復(fu)合材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)技(ji)術可(ke)(ke)以(yi)分(fen)為物理(li)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)和化(hua)學(xue)(xue)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)兩種。其中，物理(li)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)是指(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)過(guo)機械力(li)、熱(re)力(li)等(deng)方(fang)式將(jiang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)復(fu)合材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)離和再(zai)利(li)用(yong)。常見的(de)(de)物理(li)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)方(fang)法包(bao)括研磨、剪切(qie)、熱(re)解(jie)等(deng)。研磨可(ke)(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)復(fu)合材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)研磨成細小(xiao)顆粒后(hou)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)再(zai)加(jia)工(gong)；剪切(qie)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)將(jiang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)復(fu)合材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)切(qie)割成小(xiao)塊，再(zai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)加(jia)工(gong)或再(zai)生；熱(re)解(jie)可(ke)(ke)以(yi)通(tong)過(guo)高溫處理(li)將(jiang)復(fu)合材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)中的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)脂分(fen)解(jie)，再(zai)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)。化(hua)學(xue)(xue)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)是指(zhi)(zhi)通(tong)過(guo)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)反應將(jiang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)復(fu)合材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)中的(de)(de)樹(shu)(shu)脂分(fen)解(jie)，并(bing)將(jiang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)。常見的(de)(de)化(hua)學(xue)(xue)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)方(fang)法包(bao)括溶劑回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)、酸堿回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)和水(shui)解(jie)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)等(deng)。其中，溶劑回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)是指(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)溶劑將(jiang)樹(shu)(shu)脂溶解(jie)，再(zai)將(jiang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)離和回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)；酸堿回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)是指(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)酸或堿將(jiang)樹(shu)(shu)脂進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)解(jie)，再(zai)將(jiang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)；水(shui)解(jie)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)是指(zhi)(zhi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)水(shui)將(jiang)樹(shu)(shu)脂進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)分(fen)解(jie)，并(bing)將(jiang)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)。無論是物理(li)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)還是化(hua)學(xue)(xue)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)，都(dou)需(xu)要(yao)考慮回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)效率和回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)后(hou)碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)的(de)(de)性(xing)能損失(shi)問題。因此，碳(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)纖(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)維(wei)(wei)(wei)復(fu)合材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)(liao)的(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)技(ji)術還需(xu)要(yao)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)行(xing)(xing)(xing)進(jin)(jin)(jin)(jin)一步(bu)的(de)(de)研究和優化(hua)，以(yi)實現更高效、更經濟(ji)、更環(huan)保的(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)(hui)收(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)(shou)利(li)用(yong)。

碳纖維(wei)復合(he)材料(liao)被廣(guang)泛應用(yong)于航空、機械、汽(qi)(qi)車等(deng)多個領域(yu)，在(zai)滿足汽(qi)(qi)車裝配和性(xing)能(neng)(neng)的要求下，利用(yong)鋪層、尺寸等(deng)結構(gou)優化(hua)(hua)設計的方(fang)法，可以(yi)(yi)在(zai)最(zui)大(da)程度上減輕(qing)汽(qi)(qi)車的整(zheng)體(ti)重量(liang)，提升(sheng)汽(qi)(qi)車的性(xing)能(neng)(neng)。通過(guo)利用(yong)有限元分析軟件(jian)建立(li)模型實(shi)(shi)現(xian)碳纖維(wei)復合(he)材料(liao)可視化(hua)(hua)定義，利用(yong)輕(qing)量(liang)化(hua)(hua)技術將汽(qi)(qi)車車門、車身等(deng)部位的內外板上集成(cheng)部分零件(jian)，簡化(hua)(hua)汽(qi)(qi)車結構(gou)特(te)性(xing)等(deng)，可以(yi)(yi)有效(xiao)減輕(qing)汽(qi)(qi)車的重量(liang)，實(shi)(shi)現(xian)汽(qi)(qi)車輕(qing)量(liang)化(hua)(hua)效(xiao)果。綜合(he)分析可知，碳纖維(wei)復合(he)材料(liao)在(zai)汽(qi)(qi)車輕(qing)量(liang)化(hua)(hua)中(zhong)的應用(yong)前景十分廣(guang)闊，隨(sui)著技術的不斷提升(sheng)和生產成(cheng)本的逐步(bu)降低，碳纖維(wei)復合(he)材料(liao)在(zai)未來汽(qi)(qi)車制造(zao)中(zhong)將會(hui)發揮更加關(guan)鍵的作用(yong)。